FILE SEARCH

LOG IN TO ROOT USER:

[root-@local host]#

SEARCH FILE AND DIRECTORY INTO ROOT FILE SYSTEM FROM '/':
[root-@local host]#find / -name file1

SEARCH FILES AND DIRECTORIES BELONGING TO 'user1':
[root-@local host]#find / -user user1

SEARCH FILE WITH 'bin' EXTENSION WITHIN DIRECTORY '/home/user1':
[root-@local host]#find /home/user1 -name \*.bin

SEARCH BINARY FILES ARE NOT USED IN THE LAST 100 DAYS:
[root-@local host]#find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100

SEARCH FILES CREATED OR CHANGE WITHIN 10 DAYS:
[root-@local host]#find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10

SEARCH FILES WITH '.rpm' EXTENSIONS AND MODIFY PERMITS:
[root-@local host]#find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}'\;

SEARCH FILES WITH '.rpm' EXTENSION IGNORING REMOVABLE PARTITIONS AS CDROM, PEN-DRIVE,....
[root-@local host]#find / -xdev -name \*.rpm

FIND FILES WITH THE '.ps' EXTENSIONS -FIRST RUN 'UPDATED' COMMAND:
[root-@local host]#locate \*.ps

SHOW LOCATION OF A BINARY FILE, SOURCE OR MAN:
[root-@local host]#whereis halt

SHOW FULL PATH TO A BINARY/EXECUTABLE:
[root-@local host]#which halt

FILES AND DIRECTORY

LOG IN TO ROOT USER:
[root-@local host]#

ENTER THE HOME DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cd /home
GO BACK ONE LEVEL:
[root-@local host]#cd..

GO BACK TWO LEVELS:
[root-@local host]#cd../..
GO TO HOME DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cd

GO TO HOME DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cd ~user1

GO TO PREVIOUS DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cd -

COPYING A FILE:
[root-@local host]#cp file1 file2

COPY ALL FILES OF A DIRECTORY WITHIN THE CURRENT WORK DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cp dir/*

COPY A DIRECTORY WITHIN THE CURRENT WORK DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cp -a /tmp/dir1

COPY A DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#cp -a dir1 dir2

OUTPUTS THE MIME TYPE OF THE FILE AS TEXT:
[root-@local host]#cp file file1

LIST KNOWN ENCODINGS:
[root-@local host]#iconv -l

CONVERTING THE CODING OF CHARACTERS FROM ONE FORMAT TO ANOTHER:
[root-@local host]#iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > OutputFile

BATCH RESIZE FILES IN THE CURRENT DIRECTORY AND SEND THEM TO A THUMBNAILS DIRECTORY  :
[root-@local host]#find -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert

CREATE A SYMBOLIC LINK TO FILE OR DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#ln -s file1 lnk1

CREATE A PHYSICAL LINK TO FILE OR DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#ln file1 link1

VIEW FILES OF DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#ls

VIEW FILES OF DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#ls -F

SHOW DETAILS OF FILES AND DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#ls -l

SHOW HIDDEN FILES:
[root-@local host]#ls -a

SHOW FILES AND DIRECTORY CONTAINING NUMBER:
[root-@local host]#ls *[0-9]*

SHOW FILES AND DIRECTORY IN A TREE STARTING FROM ROOT(2):
[root-@local host]#lstree

CREATE A DIRECTORY CALLED 'dir1':
[root-@local host]#mkdir dir1

CREATE TWO DIRECTORIES SIMULTANEOUSLY:
[root-@local host]#mkdir dir1 dir2

CREATE A DIRECTORY TREE:
[root-@local host]#mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2

RENAME/MOVE A FILE OR DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#mv dir1 new_dir

SHOW THE PATH OF WORK DIRECTORY:
[root-@local host]#pwd

DELETE FILE CALLED 'file1':
[root-@local host]#rm -f file1

REMOVE A DIRECTORY CALLED 'dir1' AND CONTENTS RECURSIVELY:
[root-@local host]#rm -rf dir1

REMOVE TWO DIRECTOIES AND THEIR CONTENTS RECURSIVELY:
[root-@local host]#rm -rf dir1 dir2

DELETE DIRECTORY CALLED 'dir1':
[root-@local host]#rmdir dir1

MODIFY TIMESTAMP OF A FILE OR DIRECTORY-(YYMMDDHHMM):
[root-@local host]#touch -t 0712250000 file1

SHOW FILES AND DIRECTORIES IN A TREE STARTING FROM ROOT(1):
[root-@local host]#tree

SHUTDOWN, RESTART AND LOGOUT OF A SYSTEM

LOG IN TO ROOT USER:
Syntax: $su – (or) $su
$password: enter your root password.
[root-@local host]#
SHUTDOWN SYSTEM(2):
Syntax: [root-@local host]#init 0
LEAVE SESSION:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#logout

RESTART SYSTEM:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#reboot

SHUTDOWN SYSTEM(1):
Syntax: [root-@local host]#shutdown -h now

PLANNED SHUTDOWN OF THE SYSTEM AT 11.00
Syntax: [root-@local host]#shutdown -h 11.00 &

CANCEL A PLANNED SHUTDOWN OF THE SYSTEM:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#shutdown -c

REBOOT(1):
Syntax: [root-@local host]#shutdown -r now

SHUTDOWN SYSTEM(3):
Syntax: [root-@local host]#telinit 0
SHUTDOWN KDE SYSTEM:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#poweroff

LINUX SYSTEM INFORMATION

LOG IN TO ROOT USER:

Syntax: $su – (or) $su
$password: enter your root password.
[root-@local host]#
SHOW SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#arch

SHOW THE TIME TABLE OF 2012:
Syntax:[root-@local host]#cal 2012

SHOW INFORMATION CPU INFO:
Syntax:[root-@local host]#cat /proc/cpuinfo

SHOW INTERRUPTS:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#cat /proc/interrupts

VERIFY MEMORY USE:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#cat /proc/meminfo

SHOW FILE(S) SWAP:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#cat /proc/swaps

SHOW VERSION OF THE KERNAL:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#cat /proc/version

SHOW NETWORK ADAPTERS AND STATISTICS:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#cat /proc/net/dev

SHOW MOUNTED FILE SYSTEM(S):
Syntax: [root-@local host]#cat /proc/mounts

SAVE DATE CHANGES ON BIOS:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#clock -w

SHOW SYSTEM DATE:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#date

SET DATE AND TIME:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#date 041217002012.00

SHOW HARDWARE SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#dmidecode -q

DISPLAYS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HARD DISK:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#hdparm -i /dev/hda

PERFORM TEST READING ON A HARD DISK:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#hdparm -tT /dev/sda

DISPLAY PCI DEVICES:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#lspci -tv

SHOW USB DEVICES:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#lsusb -tv

SHOW ARCHITECTURE OF MACHINE:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#uname -m

SHOW USED KERNAL VERSION:
Syntax: [root-@local host]#uname -r

LINUX BEGINNERS

WHAT IS LINUX?

• Linux Linux is a free Unix-type operating system for computer devices.
• Linux is Freely available to everyone.

HOW TO UNDERSTAND FILES AND FOLDER?

• Everyone In The Linux Is File.
• Folders are used to Organize the Files.
• The lowest possible folder is root / where you will find the user homes called /home/.

/

/home

/home/parent

/home/parent/child

NOTE: Another name of Folder is Directory.

ROOT FOLDER CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING:

• /bin - use by all users.
• /boot - used for system start up (having boot loader files).
• /dev -  Device files, links to your hardware devices.
• /etc - having system configuration files.
• /home - Save your personnel files.
• /lib - Library and Kernel modulus.
• /mnt - use to mount CDRom.
• /opt -  used for application software packages.
• /usr - used to store the user files.
• /var - used for spool directories  and Temporary files.
• /proc - Storing the System information.

HOW TO UNDERSTAND USERS AND PERMISSION?
There are three types of users in the linux:
1.User,
2.Group,
3.Others.
There are three types of Permissions in the linux:
1.Read,
2.Write,
3.Execute.
HOW TO OPEN TERMINAL WINDOW?
GNOME:

•             Menu--> System--> Terminal.

KDE:

•             K--> System--> Konsoll.

XTERM:

•             Ctrl+Alt+F2 -- F6 Return To The Old Window Press Ctrl+Alt+F1.

HOW TO WORK SHELL SCRIPTS IN FEDORA SYSTEM

HOW TO WORK "SHELL" PROGRAM IN FEDORA:

STEP 1: Open your Fedora Terminal window.

STEP 2: Then type this commands.

Syntax: $vi sample.sh then enter.

STEP 3: open the vi editor window.

STEP 4: Pres the insert "i" button.
STEP 5: Then type your "SHELL SCRIPTS" Program.
           echo "Welcome to Fedora"
                cal
STEP 6:Then save and quit your shell script program.

syntax: press Escape key and  then type wq: then press enter key.

HOW TO RUN "SHELL" PROGRAM IN FEDORA:

STEP 1: Type this command and run your "SHELL SCRIPT" program.

STEP 2: Change permission to your shell script program.

Syntax: $chmod +x sample.sh

STEP 3: Run your shell scripts program.

Syntax: $./sample.sh

output:  

         Welcome to Fedora

              March 2012     
     Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                             1  2  3
            4  5  6  7  8  9 10
    11 12 13 14 15 16 17
    18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    25 26 27 28 29 30 31